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
Sindrom Cornelia de Lange (CdLS)
Sindrom Cornelia de Lange (CdLS) je vrlo rijedak genetski poremećaj.
Postoje brojne malformacije koje su prisutne već na rođenju.
Prevalencija u opštoj populaciji se procjenjuje da se kreće između 1:62.500 i 1:45.000, sa podjednakom učestalošću kod oba pola.
Sindrom je dobio ime po holandskoj pedijatrici Cornelii Catharini de Lange koja ga je opisala.
Uzrok i nasljeđe
Identifikovane su mutacije u tri gena koji su uključeni u hromozomsku koheziju (kohezinski kompleks, uključen je u ćelijske diobe (konkretno, razdvajanje sestrinskih hromatida), kohezin takođe ima važnu ulogu u popravci DNK i ekspresiji gena).
CdLS je genetski heterogen: uzrokovan je mutacijama gena NIPBL (u oko 60% slučajeva), SMC1A (oko 5%), HDAC8 (oko 4%), SMC3 (1-2%), RAD21(<1%).
Gotovo svi slučajevi su sporadični. Povremeno se dogodi porodični prenos, koji prati autozomno dominantni obrazac.
Klinička slika
Manifestuje se: karakterističnim dismorfizmom lica (dobro definisane obrve koje se spajaju u centralnoj liniji, kratak naboran nos, tanke usne okrenute prema dole i duge trepavice), promjenjljivim stepenom intelektualnog deficita, ozbiljnim zaostajanjem u rastu koji počinje prije rođenja (2. tromjesečje), hirzutizmom, malom porođajnom težinom, sporim postnatalnim rastom, abnormalnostima ruku (sitne šake i prsti, kontrakture laktova, ponekad i bez cijele podlaktice) i nogu, problemima vida, gubitkom sluha, mogućim napadima te raznim drugim malformacijama (srca, bubrega i dr).
Problemi sa hranjenjem i nenapredovanje u razvoju često se komplikuju gastroezofagealnim refluksom. Klinička progresija dovodi do psihomotorne retardacije, poteškoća u usvajanju jezika i, ponekad, poremećaja u ponašanju u autističnom spektru.
Dijagnoza
Na razvoj sindroma se može posumnjati nakon prenatalnog ultrazvučnog pregleda koji otkriva intrauterino usporavanje rasta i oštećenja udova. U porodicama u kojima je prisutno oboljenje i u kojima je identifikovana mutacija može se predložiti prenatalna dijagnoza analizom fetalne DNK.
Sumnja na CdLS se postavlja na osnovu kliničkih karakteristika, a dijagnoza se potvrđuje molekularnom dijagnostikom. Prema fenotipskim karakteristikama i genima koji su zahvaćeni ovaj se poremećaj klasifikuje u 5 tipova. Najčešći je CdLS tip 1 koji je uzrokovan patogenim varijantama gena NIPBL na kromosomu 5p13 i obično je povezan s klasičnim fenotipskim karakteristikama, mada su patogene varijante ovog gena nađene i u pojedinaca s blažim kliničkim fenotipom. Tipovi 3 i 4, uzrokovani su mutacijama u genima SMC3 i RAD21, imaju obično blaži fenotipski izražaj. CdLS tip 2 i 5 su X vezani poremećaji, bez anomalija udova, iako se opisuju manje šake u odnosu na opštu populaciju. U CdLS tip 5 primjećene su i neke specifične fenotipske karakteristike: usporeno zatvaranje fontanele, hipertelorizam (razmak između očiju je velik), skriven gornji kapak, zaobljen vrh nosa, nevus flammeus i anomalije zuba.
Liječenje
Ne postoji lijek za ovaj sindrom. Liječenje se bazira na rješavanju komplikacija. Gastroezofagealni refluks zahtjeva specifičnu njegu.
Zdravstvena njega djece oboljele od ovoga sindroma se bazira na multidisciplinarnom pristupu.